Brazilian Straight Perm

DRAWING TUTORIAL: TOOLS (Part III)

astronomical

In the drawing there is no rule about what to use because there are so many variants that are left the choice of each. Depends on the artistic taste and personal style, and some prefer to paint in oils, others with graphite, some with china ink combined with pencil, charcoal .... It is best that you find out what you like best and what tools you feel most comfortable. To mention some examples can choose from:

- graphite pencils

- Coal pressing or charcoal pencils

- China Ink

- white and colored chalk

- Watercolor

- Oil

- Others ... There

cases sufficiently complete to begin testing various techniques, such as this which includes coal pressed and charcoal pencils, pens, several compounds, blend to give effect, rubber malleable and raw coal.

In any case we can buy the tools and parts to start small, such as pencils and erasers, crayons and blur. If already you have the better.

start talking about:

PENCILS GRAPHITE.

These are usually sold individually or in groups. The interesting thing about them is that they are of different hardness, and this quality makes them useful for different functions. Therefore we must take account of this peculiarity to know what to buy.

There is a simple way to tell if a pencil is very hard (with thin and clear) or soft (thick dark line) for the numbering and the letter is inscribed on its top.

Thus the letter H are indicated with the hard and the soft point B. The HB is the standard. The numbering gives a scale of how hard or soft that is, here I show some examples:

Set as black intensity varies as we move from H to B. The hardest as the 5H are extremely thin and sharp at the paper make a blade. The amount depends on the manufacturer graduation: Koh-I-noor offers twenty rankings, Staedtler nineteen ... Another method developed by Conte uses numbers to mark the graduation of a pencil:

There are many brands and different prices but that depends on each one, what is important is that we have variety of hardnesses to work well in the drawing. We will see later What hardness are preferable as the sky object selected.

not rule out the holders, a slim always ready to make small, sharp stars in the background, while the pencil drawing RIEF have to tip to get the same effect when you go wearing.

Examples graphite drawings made by the author:

Another tool is drawing widespread charcoal, and used as charcoal or pencil PRESSED CARBON . There are also CHARCOAL PENCILS.

pressed carbon is in the form of rods or rectangular.

is delicate to handle and unstable (and slick enough), so it must be handled with care without touching by hand drawing. The charcoal will be in the hand poking out just the part with which we strokes. This position will define the stroke. There are several free tutorials on the internet very interesting if you are interested.

charcoal pencils are just like an ordinary pen and used much and is very comfortable and cleaner. You may also be in paper or plastic wrap.

charcoal drawing made by Erika Rix:

white chalk

White Chalk is the rod or pencil used to enhance targets in a charcoal drawing on paper or colored chalk. They are also well known and are also sensitive as charcoal pencils.

CHALK

If you like drawing on a dark background the white chalk is a very grateful.

are manipulated by hand or with a chalk holder to prevent staining.

are also useful as red color, which can draw pictures of solar prominences and discs Halfa.

chalk drawings made by R. Handy and E. Rix:

CHINA INK

India ink is widely used to provide dramatic contrasts to the pictures that have heavy shade, as in the craters and mountains of the moon . ink The most used is black, although there are more colors, and it applies very well with a Rotring.

The effect is very realistic and spectacular. Here are some examples of R. Handy and J. Thibault:

As you can see the variety of styles is very large and could continue to bore you, well, this can never boring, but it is best to think what you fancy and start there. Oil, pastel, ink, graphite, charcoal, watercolor ... until, like this beautiful picture of Mars L. Weine.

blurred and SUEDE

The tools used to achieve blur and blend the tones are called stump and the chamois. The result he offers is similar to that achieved by rubbing your finger over the paint but as you can imagine is much better, more accomplished. Besides the stump are sold in various thicknesses for application to small areas or large as needed.

The chamois can be leather (chamois, very tanned) or a fabric-like qualities to this skin that is used to clean and is very thin and flexible. Is used to mix colors and clean the excess paint in the form of dust nuisance (which could also ruin the picture), is made with great care, not just rub for not extending the tone.

X-ACTO

Typical blade model sold in packages of various and whose best known brand is X-acto.

serve for many things, from cutting and sharpening the tip of the stump when they are very stained up to cut the eraser to get sharp edges on them and to remove fine lines or small areas.

LIJAS

With the sandpaper sharpening get everything you need, including stump once we have cleaned the trimming. The photo show the grit that is used most commonly in drawing, it is placed on a support for better handling.

Erasers

There are many models, qualities, and can in principle could be worth but basically I recommend the Staedtler because of its compactness and shape their sharp corners that allow "erased" in a very perfect. It is very easy to cut without breaking to sharpen the corners whenever we need.

RUBBER MOULDING

eraser is a texture of clay to which you can shape with your fingers as you care about, and get to mold with tapered shapes or wedge and remove specific areas. It often knead after erasing charcoal and dissolve the remains in the tire and will last much longer.

erasing

These are thin metal pieces that have multiple openings of different sizes and you can erase small details of a picture without touching the rest of the paper.

To delete a thin line within a galactic cloud with the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating for example the dark disk of M104 or to make details in the arms of the galaxy (which by passing negative are dark areas) this tool is really useful. We ensure that only clear what we want to protect the rest of the picture.

And now the end of the tutorial on tools drawing and basic astronomy. Internet gossiping discover many more things that are interesting but I think with everything I have told you you have more than enough material to start and enjoy this adventure.

I hope you have helped with this information, both to novices who start out as frontrunners. Whatever ye ask not hesitate to write to selene74@gmail.com , I'll be happy to answer you.
And why not ... I'm slowly learning ... so that everyone would love to know more about useful tool let me know to expand and improve the tutorial ... so that together we slowly give back to the drawing astronomical rightful place. And best of all ... we will be better observers of the heavens.

And as they say ... if you've got here is that you like, thank you very much for reading! Good heavens

everyone!

Ana Leonor Hernandez

What Is The Myth For When Your Nose Is Itchy

DRAWING TUTORIAL: Templates (Part II)

circular templates are important because they represent the boundaries of the field seen through the eyepiece. The creation of templates can done in a home with a compass, although this method left a hole in the center of the circle:

The result is better with prefabricated templates that can be purchased at stationery:

diameter circle is very important because what we see is not drawn well (not to scale) when it is too big or too small. In my experience the best result I obtained by drawing on templates 80 to 90 mm in diameter , but everyone can try and find the size that will result from.

Templates can be restricted to a circle in a notebook (or page) or be part of a work sheet. This would be located within an area that would include various data related to the observation (telescope, area ...)

There are many models worksheet, here are some examples:

details in order to draw atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn there are those who prefer to use a specific template for this task, so you can capture specific details and direct-disc set. For Saturn, there are different templates based on the inclination of the ring.

When the object is too large to fit on the eyepiece can make as many circles as you want to "extend" the drawing. Fill in the first circle and move the telescope in order to complete the picture in its entirety.

In any case we can extend outside the circle if you do not want more than one (main). It's pure aesthetics.

are also very useful for drawing circles multiple objects moving rapidly with respect to background stars, such as asteroids and comets, and have several pictures on one to see path.

And with that I do not dwell over the next tutorial will focus on drawing tools.
I hope you like this is helpful.

Ana Leonor Hernandez.

Can You Get Foot And Mouth Twice

DRAWING TUTORIAL: LIGHTING (Part I) SLEEP ASTRONOMY II

To capture as much detail on an object is important to maintain proper lighting. Although it is red, if excessive could also lose vision capability. When we are in the field of observation generally use the red LED flashlights that fit on the forehead to keep your hands free. But unfortunately some of them are too strong and become annoying, especially when someone that looks at you wearing it and accidentally blinds you.

Some have combined red, white and clear, as Murphy is always lurking near the astronomer, when you try to turn it on does not succeed with the active and the white light being blinded with your classmates. The easiest is "caparla" to only work on so red.

This type of lighting is sufficient when we are not going to make a field that requires a lot of darkness, as the planetary observing or astrophotography, moon ... Now, when we want to do is to observe objects weak as nebulae and galaxies, things must change. Lighting should be minimal or absent for a flawless dark adaptation. If we have prepared well from the previous day for proper chemical adaptation of the retina (not much exposing to light during the day and taking care of the food) will be ready to get the most out of deep sky observation.

As always we need some light to manage in the dark and read the maps it is advisable to a small low-intensity LED flashlight, if adjustable better to leave it to a minimum. You would be surprised what we can do with so little light. With

pair of LEDs is sufficient, this example is home and is the most used in the field. I call it the "demon" because at night you can only see two red eyes:

To draw the base placed on the drawing and pointing it subtly illuminate the area of \u200b\u200bthe circle. But this method is not the best because too much light is wasted, this is lost on the sides and not concentrated in the target zone.

It is best to get a light that focuses solely on the circle. For this we use an LED light bulb equipped with a gooseneck support will enable us to direct light to the area you want, and finished in a clip that we use to attach your notebook or folder. Thus:

This light is ready to work as hard as plugging into an outlet in the country with batteries, and the best is also ready to adjust the intensity. Anyway the important thing is that we get the desired result: an illumination adjusted to the contour of the circle (what with the "demon" did not get):

Because this LED lamp provides a white light going to use the typical transparent red cellophane so often helps us although any material provided that it gives us the desired result:

As you can see the light focuses "only" within the circle and it is red to draw without dazzle.

Whether you work with a LED type "demonized" as if we use a more focused light what is really essential is that the light is dim, it is not intense, it would ruin the work and we would see little detail in the observed diffuse objects.

I hope these tips ... enlighten you and you can achieve the perfect balance of light to further enjoy your nights astronomical observation and drawing.

Ah! if anyone is interested I am posting a picture of the lighting equipment with the controller and battery.



Good heavens ... sticks and Murphy! Ana Leonor Hernandez

How High Curtain Holdback

Dreams are very delicate, volatile, are lost in oblivion if you try to keep writing and disappear like fog in the morning. Within seconds you will have forgotten the details ... even the dream completely. Sometimes we dream of fascinating things, and we live with such realism that until you wake up you realize that not everything has been unreal. Even for a moment you feel confused, until differences the reality of the dream and marvel in the amount of things that go through your head as if you lived another life on the sidelines .... with the mind.
all know that in the dream we pour lots of things, some we have passed, others are desires, other visual memories and photographs back to life by inserting a live event and mixed with a medley of fact and fiction, with conversations we ear, images of the TV or a magazine, with family and friends ... In the evening our brain waves and shaker shakes, and bingo or lottery which the brain pours real and fictional memories and make your movie. As sad or happy, tired or active cocktail that is prepared at night or let you know rich bitterness takes you to get up a bit.

When you spend your life and feeds your emotions practicing your hobby all the time (in my case astronomy) either by observing the sky at night, reading books anywhere, chatting with fellow fans can ... also happen to dream of Astronomy ... and at that point you think you're too attached and would be true: Astronomy is an important part of your life.

the time I crossed the line for over 18 years I spent two body and soul to Astronomy: enjoying books and a telescope, had a group of friends and there were no limits to the knowledge he enjoyed science and nature in general, he knew that everything had been created in some ancient star. Thus every Sunday morning with the intention could leave the city and address the field. Sometimes it was to see just dawn, when the output of the sun from a natural environment, listening to music of Vangelis, Pink Floyd or Neuronium, other early was to begin an ascent to a mountain peak and see the world from a perspective higher than usual. There are feelings that do not can be described well with words, you are somehow closer to the stars, contemplating the grandeur of nature ...

And so it happened one night I dreamed I climbed a mountain in the dark of night.

In this dream for over 10 years and I can still remember some detail, if you know ... Continue reading this story:

We were gathered at the foot of a mountain some of the friends that we were at that time astronomy group Alcalá, we were up at midnight to climb to the top of a mountain as night excursion is a amazing experience enjoy nature at night. We climbed a hill from there first to reach the high mountain top. This was sharp and narrow ridge of difficult access, but in my dream were experienced climbers, for it is a dream, and I could not afford to dream that we were climbing the highest mountain in the world. From the climb I remember nothing, only the last mile. Broken boulders and blocks of broken slate as we were used to grab and climb like goats, climbing nearly dark. We had no or backpacks, or oxygen cylinders, total, was a dream, but I did not know. When the first group arrived at the end cried out and said something and "you have to do this." And not articulate another word. Nervous accelerate the pace to get up to see what happened. I wondered what there could not have anything, is that the landscape on the other side has left him fascinated ... Anyway, he disappeared from my view ... and I was worried because the other side only had a brutal fall of yards and yards , I called but it was gone. What happened? He would have hidden behind a spectacle to behold. Are we not answered by emotion? I should think so. In fact ... he was not physically on the mountain. When I reached just

the edge of the last stone understood what was happening.

A huge golden-yellow structure was almost in contact with the mountain, you could actually "jump" and touching that area and then walk up the mountain beyond. It was so great that I became aware of their true shape and size until they walked with eyes in all its dimensions. I was breathless, his mouth open and his heart soared in the throat. This fine structure could almost touch with his hand stretched into the distance with a perspective as inclined disk, which looked like a huge narrowest track ended in a huge area of \u200b\u200bsmooth lemon yellow off. It was huge and nearly filled the vastness of the sky, I walked along the track and curved in both directions left and right of that huge area. When I looked to my right I saw my colleague who "walked" on that surface. It was solid but semi-transparent. And I went walking with the eyes, heart, and then I understood. What I felt at that time bordered on the marvelous, impossible, crazy sweet dream come true in a fantasy that could never be described. Feelings beyond words. An expression of great happiness in my face marked, his heart jumped a mile a minute and tears of joy sprang to my eyes. I put my hands to the mouth by instinct as to silence a cry of shocked disbelief, perhaps for fear of scaring or wake someone from a dream ... no! Do not want to wake up! Shhhh. Endured the screams of joy I felt as if time had stopped. Since I was alone, could not recall that there were more people around, I tuned out the world ... My only wish was to jump the short gap between me ... I was looking at the planet Saturn. He was just a step away from me, I never would have imagined. "What we have not seen from the ground? It was something magical had to climb the mountain to access such a privilege. I then placed both hands on the ring and then the left leg. And climbed.

That gave the world light was soft, I really only got "a shadow", the reflection of having a star giving light behind it. I ran it the semi-transparent ring that rose with a gentle slope and reached a point where there "and gave the sun." The planet's disk overshadowed much of the ring but once this limit could be exceeded as some sun shone from across the other side of the planet. The color around me was mysterious, light and dark yellow ... of darkness. Soil disc was surprisingly strong and secure despite its thin appearance. And I remember well the feeling of silence, walking through the Saturn's ring wrapped in a feeling of absolute peace and quiet. Then I reached the region of the light, everything took on a very intense light, a yellow happy and alive, a strong glow appeared at the limb of the planet. I had to cover my face to avoid being dazed and then I could feel something else: the heat of the sun, that wonderful sun enveloped all. As if someone suddenly gourd in bed with a warm blanket in the middle of the night so that I could feel the sun warming my face, my hands, my whole body. I looked back because heard voices of my comrades who came behind my steps, but the light did not let me define their forms, their silhouettes on the shade. They should see me bathed in light and approached, but rather than try to look in my mind what happened after it did not know what happened next. The memories begin to dilute and are lost as the outlines of my colleagues in the shadow of Saturn.

I still wonder how in dreams can feel so many ways: joys and fears, surprise, hear sounds and feel the temperature ... and wake up remembering every one of those feelings as real. I know I've scaled the highest mountain in the world, the less likely yet that anyone has been able to walk through the ring of Saturn ... but ... the feeling of having made if real in my mind. The effort of the climb, cold to climb the mountain if I have very real sense, as when we enter the Onion in the middle of the winter solstice (the memory of stress and temperature are etched in my mind) and I have referred many times the majestic Saturn through an eyepiece, I saw how changing the inclination of the ring to disappear and reappear to show all its splendor ...

Mix all these memories in the brain tulle cocktail ... throw in a dash of imagination and fantasy ... and who knows what a wonderful corner of the universe will appear ...

- "Let your dreams will make an unforgettable gift" -

Leonor

I have presented in the short story contest held this year in Astromad08 , has not won but has been published on the Web astroman with others so that everyone can read:
http://www.astrohenares.org/concurso/suenoastronomico.html

image of Saturn as seen from Cassini.
Imagine a show like that, and the chance to go to the ring by the shaded area.